Starting a Business · Iceland
How to start a business in Iceland as a foreigner (2026)
Iceland shaded by its starting a business status
Starting a business in Iceland as a foreigner: moderate (Act on Private Limited Companies No. 138/1994 (Lög um einkahlutafélög); Act on Investment by Non-residents in Business Enterprises No. 34/1991; administered by Iceland Revenue and Customs (Skatturinn) via the Register of Enterprises (Fyrirtækjaskrá)).
Iceland is broadly open to foreign business formation with no general prohibition on foreign ownership, though non-EEA investors face director residency constraints and several sectors impose ownership caps. The most common vehicle, the private limited company (ehf.), requires ISK 500,000 minimum paid-in capital and can be registered electronically in 3-5 business days, but all founding documents must be in Icelandic and electronic registration requires an Icelandic Electronic ID, creating practical friction for non-residents.
Key points
Foreign ownership is generally unrestricted for most industries. The Act on Investment by Non-residents (No. 34/1991) sets the framework and imposes no blanket cap on foreign shareholding, making Iceland broadly accessible to international investors.
Fishing and fish processing: non-residents may not exceed 25% of share capital (or 33% if the Icelandic entity's stake in the fishing company is ≤5%). Aviation: aggregate non-resident share capped at 49% (EEA residents are exempt). Energy (hydro/geothermal): only Icelandic nationals, EEA, EFTA, or Faroese entities may participate.
A majority of the board of directors must reside in Iceland or another EEA or OECD member state. EEA citizens resident in any EEA state are exempt from the Iceland-residency prong. Non-EEA, non-OECD founders must either relocate a qualifying director or seek a ministerial exemption.
Private limited company (ehf.): ISK 500,000 (~EUR 3,300) fully paid at formation. Public limited company (hf.): ISK 4,000,000 minimum, at least half paid at formation. Sole proprietorships require no minimum capital. Registration fees for an ehf. are approximately ISK 142,000.
Steps: (1) reserve company name; (2) draft Articles of Association and Memorandum of Incorporation in Icelandic; (3) deposit share capital in an Icelandic bank; (4) submit electronic application via Skatturinn portal (requires Icelandic Electronic ID); (5) receive registration in the Register of Enterprises. Electronic applications process in 3-5 business days; paper filings take approximately 2-3 weeks.
All founding documents must be in Icelandic. Full electronic self-service requires an Icelandic Electronic ID (Íslykill/Rafræn skilríki), which non-residents typically cannot obtain before arrival, often necessitating a local legal representative or notarised paper filings.
Timeline - major decisions & events
The annual U.S. ICS found Iceland maintains a broadly open investment climate while noting continued restrictions on foreign ownership of land and majority stakes in energy and fisheries, no CFIUS-style screening mechanism, and required central-bank approval for stakes above 10% in financial institutions, conditions material to foreign founders.
U.S. Department of State ↗The OECD found that barriers to market entry in Iceland are among the highest in the OECD, with licensing spread across multiple authorities, overlap in permitting procedures, and stringent occupational-access rules. Key recommendations: establish a one-stop-shop for all business licenses and create a simplified SME insolvency regime.
OECD ↗Iceland's island.is government portal, already handling 80% of users digitally on each service it onboarded, integrated company formation steps from Skatturinn (RSK), Registers Iceland, and other agencies into a single digital journey, cutting friction for new founders to register a private limited company in 3-5 business days entirely online.
Ísland.is (Government of Iceland) ↗In the last World Bank Doing Business report covering Iceland before the index was discontinued in 2021, Iceland ranked 26th globally, down from 21st in 2018, reflecting efficient contract enforcement offset by friction in licensing, permits, and starting-a-business procedures.
World Bank Group ↗The obligation under Act No. 13/2010 took full effect on 1 September 2013, requiring all private limited companies with 50 or more employees, publicly traded companies, and state-owned enterprises to maintain at least 40% representation of each gender on their boards, the broadest such mandate in the world at the time.
Government of Iceland ↗Act No. 47/2008 amended the Private Limited Companies Act (No. 138/1994) to embed EEA Directive requirements for an electronic register of limited companies, enabling digital filing and online public access to company data, the legal foundation for Iceland's subsequent fully digital registration system.
Government of Iceland (Stjórnarráðið) ↗A new consolidated Public Limited Companies Act replaced the 1978 framework, transposing the EU/EEA Second Company Law Directive and establishing modern rules for incorporation, share capital (minimum ISK 4,000,000), corporate governance, financial reporting, and winding-up of publicly held companies.
Government of Iceland ↗Enacted to satisfy Iceland's EEA Agreement obligations, this Act introduced the ehf., Iceland's most widely used business form, with limited liability for shareholders, a minimum share capital of ISK 500,000, and flexible governance rules; it remains the primary statute governing private company formation today.
Government of Iceland (Stjórnarráðið) ↗Iceland - other topics
Starting a Business in other countries
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